Prevalence and factors associated with obesity in children under five years old in Rio Branco - Acre / Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade em crianças menores que cinco anos no município de Rio Branco - Acre

INTRODUCTION: The nutritional status of children is considered an important instrument in measuring the health conditions and quality of life of a population. The increasing prevalence of obesity in children is a significant public health problem as it is an important risk factor for obesity in adulthood OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevaslence and factors associated with childhood obesity in the city of Rio Branco - Acre METHOD: A database analysis was carried out from the Risk Factors and Morbidity Survey for Noncommunicable Diseases in the Municipality of Rio Branco / Health and Nutrition for Adults and Children in 2008.This cross-sectional study examined 687 children aged 0 to 60 months in urban and rural areas. Statistical analysis considered expansion and sample design. The prevalence of childhood obesity according to the anthropometric indices P / I (weight for age), P / E (weight for height) and BMI / I (Body Mass Index) were respectively 6.85% (95% CI = 5.30). - 8.80), 6.66% (95% CI = 3.22 - 13.27) and 6.61% (95% CI = 3.25 - 12.98 RESULTS: The final model showed a higher prevalence of obesity in the BMI / I index under the following conditions: home in the urban area (PR = 6.81; 95% CI = 1.27 - 36.38), electric lighting without meter (PR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.22 - 3.59), mother's height greater than 163cm (PR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.12 - 4.47) and maternal obesity (RP = 2.37 95% CI = 1.19 - 4.72 CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity in the BMI / I index was high and is related to socioeconomic factors and specific maternal characteristics. It is necessary to promote actions that lead to the formation of a healthy lifestyle even in childhood

INTRODUÇÃO: O estado nutricional de crianças é considerado um instrumento importante na aferição das condições de saúde e qualidade de vida de uma população. A prevalência crescente da obesidade em crianças é um problema de saúde pública significante, pois é um fator de risco importante para a obesidade na vida adulta OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à obesidade infantil no município de Rio Branco - Acre MÉTODO: Realizou-se análise de banco de dados provenientes do Inquérito de Fatores de Risco e Morbidade por Doenças Não-Transmissíveis no Município de Rio Branco / Saúde e Nutrição de Adultos e Crianças em 2008. Trata-se de um estudo transversal onde foram examinadas 687 crianças na faixa de 0 a 60 meses nas zonas urbana e rural. A análise estatística considerou a expansão e o desenho da amostra. A prevalência da obesidade infantil segundo os índices antropométricos P/I (peso-para-idade), P/E (peso-para-estatura), e IMC/I (Índice de Massa Corporal-para-idade) foram respectivamente de 6,85% (IC95% = 5,30 - 8,80), 6,66% (IC95% = 3,22 - 13,27) e 6,61% (IC95% = 3,25 - 12,98 RESULTADOS: O modelo final apresentou maior prevalência de obesidade para o índice IMC/I nas seguintes condições: local de domicílio na zona urbana (RP=6,81; IC95% = 1,27 - 36,38), iluminação elétrica sem medidor (RP=2,10; IC95% = 1,22 - 3,59), altura da mãe maior que 163cm (RP=2,24; IC95% = 1,12 - 4,47) e obesidade materna (RP=2,37; IC95% = 1,19 - 4,72 CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da obesidade do índice IMC/I foi elevada e está relacionada à fatores socioeconômicos e características maternas específicas. É necessária a promoção de ações que levem a formação de um estilo de vida saudável ainda na infância

Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Job Strain: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Amazon Basin.

BACKGROUND: Ideal Cardiovascular (CV) Health is characterized by four ideal lifestyle parameters and absence of cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of ideal CV health in the Amazon Basin and the influence of job strain on CV health in this setting are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of ideal CV health and its relationship with job strain in a secluded area from a developing country. METHODS: Job strain was evaluated in 478 employees from an university in the Amazon Basin by a questionnaire that classified participants as passive, active, low or high strain, according to the demand-control model. CV health was evaluated using the American Heart Association 7 health factors (diet, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia). Participants were classified as having ideal, intermediate or poor CV health. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 44.3 ± 12 years, 65% were men, and 35% were faculty. No participant fulfilled the criteria for ideal CV health. Intermediate CV health was found in 44 (9%) and poor in 434 (91%) individuals. Considering low strain as a reference group, individuals classified as high strain, active and passive had a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in the chances of having poor CV health. When adjusting for possible confounders, high job strain was associated with poor BMI (> 30 kg/m2), (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.06-4.22; p = 0.034) and poor diet (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.13; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Job strain was not associated with cardiovascular health, but high job strain was related to obesity and poor diet. Given the high prevalence of poor CV health and lack of participants with ideal CV health, policies focusing on health education and lifestyle interventions are paramount to this population.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Job Strain: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Amazon Basin / Saúde Cardiovascular Ideal e Estresse no Trabalho: Um Estudo Transversal da Amazônia Brasileira

Abstract Background: Ideal Cardiovascular (CV) Health is characterized by four ideal lifestyle parameters and absence of cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of ideal CV health in the Amazon Basin and the influence of job strain on CV health in this setting are uncertain. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of ideal CV health and its relationship with job strain in a secluded area from a developing country. Methods: Job strain was evaluated in 478 employees from an university in the Amazon Basin by a questionnaire that classified participants as passive, active, low or high strain, according to the demand-control model. CV health was evaluated using the American Heart Association 7 health factors (diet, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia). Participants were classified as having ideal, intermediate or poor CV health. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 44.3 ± 12 years, 65% were men, and 35% were faculty. No participant fulfilled the criteria for ideal CV health. Intermediate CV health was found in 44 (9%) and poor in 434 (91%) individuals. Considering low strain as a reference group, individuals classified as high strain, active and passive had a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in the chances of having poor CV health. When adjusting for possible confounders, high job strain was associated with poor BMI (> 30 kg/m2), (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.06-4.22; p = 0.034) and poor diet (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.13; p = 0.005). Conclusion: Job strain was not associated with cardiovascular health, but high job strain was related to obesity and poor diet. Given the high prevalence of poor CV health and lack of participants with ideal CV health, policies focusing on health education and lifestyle interventions are paramount to this population.

Resumo Fundamento: Saúde cardiovascular (CV) ideal é caracterizada por quatro parâmetros de estilo de vida ideal e ausência de fatores de risco CV. A prevalência da saúde CV ideal na Bacia Amazônica e sua relação com estresse no trabalho é desconhecida. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da saúde CV ideal e sua relação com o estresse no trabalho em uma área isolada de um país em desenvolvimento. Métodos: O estresse no trabalho foi avaliado em 478 funcionários de uma universidade na Bacia Amazônica através de um questionário validado que classificou os participantes como passivos, ativos, baixa tensão ou alta tensão no trabalho, de acordo com o modelo de demanda e controle. A saúde CV foi avaliada usando os 7 parâmetros usados pela American Heart Association (dieta, atividade física, IMC, tabagismo, hipertensão, diabetes e hipercolesterolemia). Os participantes foram classificados em saúde CV ideal, intermediária ou ruim. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: A idade média foi de 44,3 ± 12 anos, 65% eram homens e 35% eram professores. Nenhum participante preencheu os critérios de saúde CV ideal. A saúde CV intermediária foi encontrada em 44 (9%) e ruim em 434 (91%) dos entrevistados. Considerando a baixa tensão como grupo de referência, indivíduos classificados como de alta tensão, ativos e passivos tiveram um aumento não significativo (p > 0,05) nas chances de ter saúde CV ruim. Ao ajustar para possíveis fatores de confusão, a alta tensão no trabalho foi associada à obesidade (IMC > 30 kg/m2): OR 2,11 (IC 95% 1,06-4,22; p = 0,034) e dieta inadequada: OR 2,31 (IC 95%: 1,29-4,13 p = 0,005). Conclusão: Não houve associação entre saúde CV e estresse no trabalho, mas a obesidade e a má alimentação foram relacionadas à alta tensão. Dada a alta prevalência de saúde CV ruim e ausência de participantes com saúde CV ideal, as políticas voltadas para a educação em saúde e as intervenções de estilo de vida são primordiais para essa população.

Atenção ao parto e pós-parto no município de Rio Branco- Acre, Brasil: inquérito de base populacional / Delivery and postpartum care in Rio Branco in the northern state of Acre, Brazil: a population-based survey

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy can be associated with health risks for both the mother and infant, and specialised care during the pregnancy, delivery and puerperium periods can help reduce complications for the mother-infant binomial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the demographic, social and reproductive aspects of delivery and the postpartum period in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted via an interview with 552 mothers with children aged 0 to 5 years between 2007 and 2008. Cluster sampling of the population was performed in two stages (census sectors and domiciles. RESULTS: The majority of the 552 mothers were multiparous (79.6%). Around 70% of pregnancies occurred in teenage mothers. The proportion of caesarean section deliveries was 38.4% in mothers from urban zones and 28.5% in those from rural areas, and was higher in mothers who attended private clinics, who self-reported as being Caucasian, and who had a higher educational level. With regard to puerperal complications, mothers who underwent caesarean section had a higher prevalence of hypertension (71.1%) with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 3.90 (95% CI [2.00, 7.61]. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed a high rate of teenage pregnancy, and arterial hypertension was the leading complication during the postpartum period experienced by women who had undergone caesarean section. These findings merit further attention, and should be used to improve the care provided to Rio Branco.

INTRODUÇÃO: A maternidade pode estar associada a riscos para a saúde da mulher e da criança, de forma que uma assistência especializada durante a gravidez, parto e puerpério contribuem para minimizar as complicações para o binômio mãe-bebê. OBJETIVO: Analisar as características do parto e pós-parto em Rio Branco em relação aos aspectos demográficos, sociais e reprodutivos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado durante 2007-2008 através de amostragem populacional por conglomerados em duas etapas (setores censitários e domicílios), sendo entrevistadas 552 mães de crianças de zero a cinco anos. RESULTADOS: Das 552 mães entrevistadas, a maioria era constituída por multíparas (79,6%). Cerca de 70% das gestações ocorreram em menores de 20 anos de idade. A prevalência de cesarianas foi de 38,4% nas mães da zona urbana e de 28,5% nas que moravam na zona rural, sendo maior nas mulheres assistidas em instituições privadas, que se auto definiram como de cor branca e com maior nível educacional. Quanto às complicações do período puerperal as mulheres que foram submetidas a partos cesáreas apresentaram uma maior prevalência de hipertensão (71,1%), sendo observada uma razão de prevalência ajustada de 3,90 (IC 95%: 2,00-7,61) CONCLUSÃO: O alto índice de gestação na adolescência e a hipertensão arterial sendo a principal complicação no pós-parto cesárea, dados que merecem atenção e que devem ser observados na assistência prestada no município de Rio Branco.

The impact of home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on vitamin A status in young children: A multicenter pragmatic controlled trial in Brazil.

Home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) is effective in the prevention of anemia in young children. However, the impact on their vitamin A status remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MNP on vitamin A status in young Brazilian children. A multicenter pragmatic, controlled trial was carried out in primary health centers in four Brazilian cities. In the beginning of the study, the control group (CG) consisted of children 11-14 months old (n = 395) attending in routine pediatric health care. In parallel, the intervention group (IG) was composed of children 6-8 months old (n = 399), in the same health centers, who followed the intervention with MNP for 2-3 months. The analysis of the effect of MNP on vitamin A status was performed by comparing the IG with the CG after a 4- to 6-month follow-up when IG children had reached the age of the controls. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD; serum retinol <0.70 µmol/L) in the CG was 16.2%, while in the IG was 7.5%-a 55% reduction in the VAD [prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.45 (0.28; 0.72)]. This reduction was also significant when stratifying the study centers by coverage of the Brazilian Vitamin A Supplementation Program. The adjusted mean of vitamin A serum concentrations improved in the IG compared with CG children, with a shift to the right in the vitamin A distribution. Home fortification with MNP was effective in reducing VAD among young Brazilian children.

Child undernutrition in one of the cities with greater nutritional risk in Brazil: population-based study in the Western Brazilian Amazon. / Desnutrição infantil em um dos municípios de maior risco nutricional do Brasil: estudo de base populacional na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the prevalence of child undernutrition and associated factors in a municipality with high nutritional risk in Brazil. METHODS:: This cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted with a sample of 478 children aged under 5 years in the city of Jordão, Acre, Brazil. The following indicators were calculated: weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), and weight for height (W/H), using the growth curves of the WHO as reference, which adopts a cutoff of -2 z scores for identification of malnourished children. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) were obtained using multiple Poisson regression models with robust error estimate (p < 0.05). RESULTS:: A high prevalence of stunting (35.8%) was observed. Children with indigenous ancestry living in rural areas showed the highest prevalence of malnutrition (59.4%). After controlling for age, gender, and indigenous ancestry, the factors associated with stunting risk were: living in rural area (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.2 - 2.1); lower tertile of household wealth index (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 2.3); living in houses made of walking palm (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 2.4); maternal height less than or equal to 146.4 cm (PR = 3.1; 95%CI 1.9 - 5.0); and history of introduction of cow's milk before 30 days of age (PR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.0 - 1.8). Children with updated vaccination cards were inversely associated with stunting risk (PR = 0.7; 95%CI 0.5 - 0.9). CONCLUSION:: Child undernutrition remains a serious public health problem in the Amazon, indicating additional difficulties in facing the problem in this region of the country.

Desnutrição infantil em um dos municípios de maior risco nutricional do Brasil: estudo de base populacional na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira / Child undernutrition in one of the cities with greater nutritional risk in Brazil: population-based study in the Western Brazilian Amazon

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de desnutrição infantil e fatores associados em um município de elevado risco nutricional do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra de 478 crianças menores de 5 anos do município de Jordão, Acre. Foram calculados os indicadores peso para idade (P/I), altura para idade (A/I) e peso para altura (P/A) utilizando como referências as curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2006, que adota ponto de corte -2 escores z para identificação dos desnutridos. Razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas foram obtidas por modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com estimativa de erro robusta (p < 0,05). Resultados: Observou-se elevada prevalência de déficit de A/I (35,8%). Crianças com ascendência indígena residentes na área rural do município apresentaram as maiores prevalências de desnutrição (59,4%). Após ajuste para sexo, idade e ascendência indígena, os fatores positivamente associados ao déficit de crescimento foram: residir na área rural (RP = 1,6; IC95% 1,2 - 2,1); menor terço do índice de riqueza domiciliar (RP = 1,6; IC95% 1,1 - 2,3); morar em casa de paxiúba (RP = 1,6; IC95% 1,1 - 2,4); altura materna inferior ou igual a 146,4 cm (RP = 3,1; IC95% 1,9 - 5,0) e introdução de leite de vaca antes de 30 dias de idade (RP = 1,4; IC95% 1,0 - 1,8). Apresentar cartão de vacina em dia foi inversamente associado ao déficit de crescimento (RP = 0,7; IC95% 0,5 - 0,9). Conclusão: A desnutrição infantil permanece um grave problema de saúde pública no interior da Amazônia, indicando dificuldades adicionais para o enfrentamento do problema nessa região do país.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of child undernutrition and associated factors in a municipality with high nutritional risk in Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted with a sample of 478 children aged under 5 years in the city of Jordão, Acre, Brazil. The following indicators were calculated: weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), and weight for height (W/H), using the growth curves of the WHO as reference, which adopts a cutoff of -2 z scores for identification of malnourished children. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) were obtained using multiple Poisson regression models with robust error estimate (p < 0.05). Results: A high prevalence of stunting (35.8%) was observed. Children with indigenous ancestry living in rural areas showed the highest prevalence of malnutrition (59.4%). After controlling for age, gender, and indigenous ancestry, the factors associated with stunting risk were: living in rural area (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.2 - 2.1); lower tertile of household wealth index (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 2.3); living in houses made of walking palm (PR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 2.4); maternal height less than or equal to 146.4 cm (PR = 3.1; 95%CI 1.9 - 5.0); and history of introduction of cow's milk before 30 days of age (PR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.0 - 1.8). Children with updated vaccination cards were inversely associated with stunting risk (PR = 0.7; 95%CI 0.5 - 0.9). Conclusion: Child undernutrition remains a serious public health problem in the Amazon, indicating additional difficulties in facing the problem in this region of the country.

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in infants attending at Primary Health Care in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.

The present study investigated the factors associated with anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in a cross-sectional analysis conducted with 150 children aged 11 to 14 months attending at basic health centers in Rio Branco, Acre. Venous blood samples were obtained to assess the occurrence of anemia and deficiencies of iron (ID), vitamin A (VAD), and B12 (VB12D). Multiple Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with anemia. Anemia, ID, VAD and B12D were observed in 23%, 76%, 18% and 20% of children, respectively. The factors associated with anemia were: do not be only child, living in households without access to cable TV or internet, stunting, late introduction of the complementary feeding (more than 240 days), VAD, VB12D, and current evidence of infection (plasma CRP > 5 mg/L). There was a lower prevalence of anemia among children with birth weight > 3,500 g. Overall, 82% of the study children had at least one of the micronutrient deficiencies (ID, VAD and VB12D). Actions with emphasis on timely and healthy feeding practices, better management of morbidities and supplementation with other micronutrients should be focused on the improvement of child care services at primary health care in this county.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

Anemia e deficiência de micronutrientes em lactentes atendidos em unidades básicas de saúde em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil / Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in infants attending at Primary Health Care in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo investigou os fatores associados à anemia e deficiência de micronutrientes em análise transversal conduzida com 150 crianças de 11 a 14 meses atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde em Rio Branco, Acre. Amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas para avaliar a ocorrência de anemia, deficiência de ferro (DF) e de vitaminas A (DVA) e B12 (DVB12). Modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson foram utilizados para identificar fatores associados à anemia. Anemia, DF, DVA e DVB12 foram observadas em 23%, 76%, 18% e 20% das crianças, respectivamente. Os fatores associados à anemia foram: não ser filho único, residir em domicílio sem acesso a TV a cabo ou internet, déficit de estatura para idade (E/I), introdução tardia da alimentação complementar superior a 240 dias, DVA, DVB12, e evidência de infecção vigente (proteína C reativa plasmática > 5 mg/L). Houve menor ocorrência de anemia entre crianças com peso ao nascer > 3.500g. Do total de crianças, 82% apresentaram pelo menos uma das deficiências de micronutrientes (DF, DVA, DVB12). Ações com ênfase em práticas alimentares saudáveis oportunas, melhor manejo de morbidades e suplementação com outros micronutrientes devem ser priorizadas no aprimoramento do serviço de puericultura da atenção básica à saúde deste município.

Abstract The present study investigated the factors associated with anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in a cross-sectional analysis conducted with 150 children aged 11 to 14 months attending at basic health centers in Rio Branco, Acre. Venous blood samples were obtained to assess the occurrence of anemia and deficiencies of iron (ID), vitamin A (VAD), and B12 (VB12D). Multiple Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with anemia. Anemia, ID, VAD and B12D were observed in 23%, 76%, 18% and 20% of children, respectively. The factors associated with anemia were: do not be only child, living in households without access to cable TV or internet, stunting, late introduction of the complementary feeding (more than 240 days), VAD, VB12D, and current evidence of infection (plasma CRP > 5 mg/L). There was a lower prevalence of anemia among children with birth weight > 3,500 g. Overall, 82% of the study children had at least one of the micronutrient deficiencies (ID, VAD and VB12D). Actions with emphasis on timely and healthy feeding practices, better management of morbidities and supplementation with other micronutrients should be focused on the improvement of child care services at primary health care in this county.

Socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation factors in reducing diarrhea in the Amazon.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contributions of the socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation improvements in reducing the prevalence of diarrhea in a city of the Amazon. METHODS: In this population-based cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from surveys conducted in the city of Jordão, Acre. In 2005 and 2012, these surveys evaluated, respectively, 466 and 826 children under five years old. Questionnaires were applied on the socioeconomic conditions, construction of houses, food and hygienic habits, and environmental sanitation. We applied Pearson's Chi-squared test and Poisson regression to verify the relationship between origin of water, construction of homes, age of introduction of cow's milk in the diet, place of birth and the prevalence of diarrhea. RESULTS: The prevalence of diarrhea was reduced from 45.1% to 35.4%. We identified higher probability of diarrhea in children who did not use water from the public network, in those receiving cow's milk in the first month after birth, and in those living in houses made of paxiúba. Children born at home presented lower risk of diarrhea when compared to those who were born in hospital, with this difference reversing for the 2012 survey. CONCLUSIONS: Sanitation conditions improved with the increase of bathrooms with toilets, implementation of the Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF - Family Health Program), and water treatment in the city. The multivariate regression model identified a statistically significant association between use of water from the public network, construction of houses, late introduction of cow's milk, and access to health service with occurrence of diarrhea. OBJETIVO: Analisar as contribuições das melhorias socioeconômicas, higiênicas e de saneamento na redução da prevalência de diarreia em uma cidade na Amazônia. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal de base populacional, foram analisados dados dos inquéritos realizados no município de Jordão, Acre. Em 2005 e 2012, foram avaliadas, respectivamente, 466 e 826 crianças menores de cinco anos. Foram aplicados questionários sobre as condições socioeconômicas, construção dos domicílios, hábitos higiênicos e alimentares e saneamento ambiental. Foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e a Regressão de Poisson para verificar a relação existente entre procedência da água, tipo de construção do domicílio, idade de introdução de leite de vaca na dieta e local de nascimento e a prevalência de diarreia. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de diarreia foi reduzida de 45,1% para 35,4%. Foi identificada maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de diarreia em crianças que não utilizaram água da rede pública, as que receberam leite de vaca no primeiro mês após o nascimento e as residentes em domicílios de paxiúba. As crianças que nasceram no domicílio apresentaram menor risco de diarreia quando comparadas às que nasceram em hospital, com essa diferença se invertendo para o inquérito de 2012. CONCLUSÕES: Ocorreu melhora nas condições de saneamento com aumento no número de banheiro com vasos sanitários, implantação do Programa de Saúde da Família e tratamento de água na sede do município. O modelo de regressão multivariada identificou associação estatisticamente significativa entre utilização de água da rede pública, construção da moradia, introdução tardia de leite de vaca e acesso a serviço de saúde com ocorrência de diarreia.

Zika vírus e medidas de intervenção jurídica em saúde pública / Zika virus and measures of legal interventions in public health

The zika virus is an emerging and important world health problem. In public health its harmful effects have stimulated various legal interests. The Federal Government of Brazil recently adopted several social and health surveillance measures, extending the instruments of possibilities to combating the virus transmitter in Brazil. Law No. 13.306/2016 brought incisive determinations about action awareness policies and educational campaigns, and at the same time authorizes the highest authorities of the Unified Health System (SUS) within federal, state, county and municipal governments to establish and implement the necessary measures to control the diseases caused by the virus, i.e. dengue, chikungunya and zika. The published legislation has created a motivating environment for researchers to develop projects aimed at the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, the chikungunya virus and the zika virus. Therefore, studies on A. aegypti have led to greater scientific knowledge about its habitat, reproduction and development and a description of means to combat it, as a precondition for the fulfilment of the social purposes of Law No. 13.301, of June 27, 2016, mainly if researches about more efficient management models and management of public finances, contributing to unveiling impacts on public health and growth and human development.

O Zika vírus é um importante e emergente problema de saúde no mundo. Na saúde pública, seus efeitos danosos atingem os mais diversos bens jurídicos. O Governo Federal do Brasil adotou recentemente diversas medidas sociais e de vigilância sanitária alargando o instrumental de possibilidades de combate ao transmissor do vírus no território brasileiro. A Lei 13.306/2016 trouxe determinações incisivas sobre as ações de políticas de conscientização e campanhas educativas, bem como autoridades máximas do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS de âmbito federal, estadual, distrital e municipal foram autorizados a determinar e executar as medidas necessárias ao controle das doenças causadas pelos vírus da dengue, chikungunya e da zika. A partir da legislação publicada, surge um ambiente motivador para pesquisadores desenvolverem projetos de pesquisa para que o mosquito transmissor do Vírus da Dengue, do Vírus Chikungunya e do Vírus da Zika. Por conseguinte, estudos sobre o A. aegypti possibilitaram o maior conhecimento científico sobre as formas de desenvolvimento, habitat, reprodução e descrição quanto às formas de o combater, como um pressuposto para o cumprimento dos fins sociais da Lei nº 13.301, de 27 de junho de 2016, principalmente se surgirem pesquisas sobre modelos de gestão e gerenciamento de finanças públicas de modo mais eficiente, contribuindo para desvelar impactos sobre a saúde pública e crescimento e desenvolvimento humano.

Socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation factors in reducing diarrhea in the Amazon / Fatores socioeconômicos, higiênicos e de saneamento na redução de diarreia na Amazônia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the contributions of the socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation improvements in reducing the prevalence of diarrhea in a city of the Amazon. METHODS In this population-based cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from surveys conducted in the city of Jordão, Acre. In 2005 and 2012, these surveys evaluated, respectively, 466 and 826 children under five years old. Questionnaires were applied on the socioeconomic conditions, construction of houses, food and hygienic habits, and environmental sanitation. We applied Pearson's Chi-squared test and Poisson regression to verify the relationship between origin of water, construction of homes, age of introduction of cow's milk in the diet, place of birth and the prevalence of diarrhea. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea was reduced from 45.1% to 35.4%. We identified higher probability of diarrhea in children who did not use water from the public network, in those receiving cow's milk in the first month after birth, and in those living in houses made of paxiúba. Children born at home presented lower risk of diarrhea when compared to those who were born in hospital, with this difference reversing for the 2012 survey. CONCLUSIONS Sanitation conditions improved with the increase of bathrooms with toilets, implementation of the Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF - Family Health Program), and water treatment in the city. The multivariate regression model identified a statistically significant association between use of water from the public network, construction of houses, late introduction of cow's milk, and access to health service with occurrence of diarrhea.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar as contribuições das melhorias socioeconômicas, higiênicas e de saneamento na redução da prevalência de diarreia em uma cidade na Amazônia. MÉTODOS Neste estudo transversal de base populacional, foram analisados dados dos inquéritos realizados no município de Jordão, Acre. Em 2005 e 2012, foram avaliadas, respectivamente, 466 e 826 crianças menores de cinco anos. Foram aplicados questionários sobre as condições socioeconômicas, construção dos domicílios, hábitos higiênicos e alimentares e saneamento ambiental. Foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e a Regressão de Poisson para verificar a relação existente entre procedência da água, tipo de construção do domicílio, idade de introdução de leite de vaca na dieta e local de nascimento e a prevalência de diarreia. RESULTADOS A prevalência de diarreia foi reduzida de 45,1% para 35,4%. Foi identificada maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de diarreia em crianças que não utilizaram água da rede pública, as que receberam leite de vaca no primeiro mês após o nascimento e as residentes em domicílios de paxiúba. As crianças que nasceram no domicílio apresentaram menor risco de diarreia quando comparadas às que nasceram em hospital, com essa diferença se invertendo para o inquérito de 2012. CONCLUSÕES Ocorreu melhora nas condições de saneamento com aumento no número de banheiro com vasos sanitários, implantação do Programa de Saúde da Família e tratamento de água na sede do município. O modelo de regressão multivariada identificou associação estatisticamente significativa entre utilização de água da rede pública, construção da moradia, introdução tardia de leite de vaca e acesso a serviço de saúde com ocorrência de diarreia.

Association of handgrip strength with self-reported diseases in adults in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil: a population-based study.

This study aimed to analyze the association of handgrip strength with self-reported diseases and multimorbidity among adults in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil, through a population based survey involving 1,395 adults of both sexes. Associations by sex were estimated by logistic regression analysis. The mean handgrip strength in men (44.8kg) is higher than in women (29kg) and decrease with age. The mean handgrip strength difference between those classified as strong and weak was 21kg and 15.5kg for men and woman, respectively. Controlling for age group, body mass index and physical activity when it was relevant, men with low handgrip strength were more likely to have hypertension [OR = 2.21 91.35; 3.61)], diabetes [OR = 4.18 (1.35; 12.95)], musculoskeletal disorders [OR = 1.67 (1.07; 2.61)] and multimorbidity [OR = 1.99 (1.27; 3.12)]. Among woman, associations between handgrip strength and cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, musculoskeletal disorders and multimorbidity were not sustained in the multivariate models. This study endorses the use of handgrip strength as a health biomarker.

Associação da força de preensão manual com morbidades referidas em adultos de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil: estudo de base populacional / Asociación entre la fuerza de prensión manual con las morbilidades referidas en adultos de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil: estudio de base poblacional / Association of handgrip strength with self-reported diseases in adults in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil: a population-based study

Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação da força de preensão manual com morbidades referidas e multimorbidade em adultos de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, mediante inquérito de base populacional com 1.395 adultos de ambos os sexos. As associações, por sexo, foram estimadas com a técnica de regressão logística. A média de força de preensão manual nos homens (44,8kg) é maior que entre as mulheres (29kg) e reduz com a idade. A diferença da força de preensão manual média entre aqueles classificados como fortes e fracos foi 21kg e 15,5kg, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Controlando para a faixa etária, índice de massa corporal e atividade física quando relevante, homens com baixa força de preensão manual tiveram maiores chances de ocorrência de hipertensão [OR = 2,21 (1,35; 3,61)], diabetes [OR = 4,18 (1,35; 12,95)], distúrbio musculoesquelético [OR = 1,67 (1,07; 2,61)] e multimorbidade [OR = 1,99 (1,27; 3,12)]. Nas mulheres, associações entre força de preensão manual e evento cardiovascular, dislipidemia, distúrbio muscolesquelético e multimorbidade não se mantiveram nos modelos multivariados. Este estudo endossa o uso da força de preensão manual como biomarcador de saúde.

El objetivo fue analizar la asociación de la fuerza de prensión manual con las morbilidades y multimorbilidad entre los adultos en Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, mediante una encuesta poblacional con 1.395 adultos de ambos sexos. Las asociaciones, por sexo, se estimaron mediante regresión logística. La media de la fuerza de prensión manual en los hombres (44,8kg) es mayor que en las mujeres (29kg) y disminuye con la edad. La diferencia de la fuerza de prensión manual media entre los clasificados como fuertes y débil fue 21kg y 15,5kg para hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Controlando por edad, índice de masa corporal y la actividad física, cuando sea pertinente, los hombres con baja fuerza de prensión manual son más propensos a sufrir de hipertensión [OR = 2,21 (1,35; 3,61)], diabetes [OR = 4,18 (1,35; 12,95), trastorno musculoesquelético [OR = 1,67 (1,07; 2,61)] y multimorbilidad [OR = 1,99 (1,27; 3,12)]. Entre las mujeres, las asociaciones entre fuerza de prensión manual y evento cardiovascular, dislipidemia, trastorno musculoesquelético y multimorbilidad no se mantuvieron en los modelos multivariados. Este estudio respalda el uso de fuerza de prensión manual como un biomarcador de la salud.

This study aimed to analyze the association of handgrip strength with self-reported diseases and multimorbidity among adults in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil, through a population based survey involving 1,395 adults of both sexes. Associations by sex were estimated by logistic regression analysis. The mean handgrip strength in men (44.8kg) is higher than in women (29kg) and decrease with age. The mean handgrip strength difference between those classified as strong and weak was 21kg and 15.5kg for men and woman, respectively. Controlling for age group, body mass index and physical activity when it was relevant, men with low handgrip strength were more likely to have hypertension [OR = 2.21 91.35; 3.61)], diabetes [OR = 4.18 (1.35; 12.95)], musculoskeletal disorders [OR = 1.67 (1.07; 2.61)] and multimorbidity [OR = 1.99 (1.27; 3.12)]. Among woman, associations between handgrip strength and cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, musculoskeletal disorders and multimorbidity were not sustained in the multivariate models. This study endorses the use of handgrip strength as a health biomarker.

The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents--ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, "ERICA") is a multicenter, school-based country-wide cross-sectional study funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which aims at estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including those included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome, in a random sample of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Brazilian cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Approximately 85,000 students were assessed in public and private schools. Brazil is a continental country with a heterogeneous population of 190 million living in its five main geographic regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast). ERICA is a pioneering study that will assess the prevalence rates of cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian adolescents using a sample with national and regional representativeness. This paper describes the rationale, design and procedures of ERICA. METHODS/DESIGN: Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire using an electronic device, in order to obtain information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, sleeping hours, common mental disorders and reproductive and oral health. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) and blood pressure were also be measured. Blood was collected from a subsample of approximately 44,000 adolescents for measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin. DISCUSSION: The study findings will be instrumental to the development of public policies aiming at the prevention of obesity, atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes in an adolescent population.

Smoking in adults in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: a population-based study / Tabagismo em adultos no município de Rio Branco, Acre: um estudo de base populacional

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between smoking and socioeconomic status, and to analyze the profile of smokers in the city of Rio Branco, Acre. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 1,512 adults living in urban and rural areas. Information about demographic aspects, socioeconomic status and smoking habits were collected through home interviews. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of smoking was of 19.9%. Males had a higher prevalence (22.7%) in contrast to females (17.6%). By age, a higher prevalence was observed at 50 - 59 years in males (30.9%) and at 40 - 49 years in females (23.8%). A linear trend was observed between the higher prevalence of smoking and the lower amount of years of education and income (p < 0.05). The profile of smokers indicated that the majority, in both genders, began smoking at age 15, smoked between 1 and 10 cigarettes per day, lit the first cigarette of the day 60 minutes after waking up and had tried to quit smoking at least twice. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of smoking is a relevant public health problem in Rio Branco. Community actions must be implemented for the prevention and control of tobacco use. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar as associações entre o tabagismo e os aspectos socioeconômicos e verificar o perfil do fumante no município de Rio Branco, Acre. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional conduzido com 1.512 indivíduos adultos residentes nas zonas urbana e rural. Informações sobre os aspectos demográficos, socioeconômicos e hábitos tabágicos foram coletados por entrevistas domiciliares. Razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas com os respectivos intervalos de confiança em 95% foram calculados mediante regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de tabagismo foi de 19,9%. O sexo masculino mostrou maior prevalência de tabagismo (22,7%) em contraste ao sexo feminino (17,6%). Por faixa etária, maiores prevalências foram observadas aos 50 - 59 anos no sexo masculino (30,9%) e aos 40 - 49 anos no sexo feminino (23,8%). Foi observada tendência linear entre maior prevalência de tabagismo com menos anos de estudo e renda mais baixa (p < 0,05). O perfil do fumante indicou que a maioria, ambos os sexos, iniciou o hábito de fumar aos 15 anos, fumava entre 1 e 10 cigarros por dia, acendia o primeiro cigarro do dia após 60 minutos de acordar e havia tentado parar de fumar pelo menos duas vezes. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência alta de tabagismo apresentou-se como um importante problema em saúde pública em Rio Branco. Ações comunitárias devem ser implementadas para prevenção e controle do tabagismo. .

Smoking in adults in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between smoking and socioeconomic status, and to analyze the profile of smokers in the city of Rio Branco, Acre. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 1,512 adults living in urban and rural areas. Information about demographic aspects, socioeconomic status and smoking habits were collected through home interviews. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of smoking was of 19.9%. Males had a higher prevalence (22.7%) in contrast to females (17.6%). By age, a higher prevalence was observed at 50 - 59 years in males (30.9%) and at 40 - 49 years in females (23.8%). A linear trend was observed between the higher prevalence of smoking and the lower amount of years of education and income (p < 0.05). The profile of smokers indicated that the majority, in both genders, began smoking at age 15, smoked between 1 and 10 cigarettes per day, lit the first cigarette of the day 60 minutes after waking up and had tried to quit smoking at least twice. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of smoking is a relevant public health problem in Rio Branco. Community actions must be implemented for the prevention and control of tobacco use.

Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight among university students from Rio Branco, Acre - Brazil / Prevalência e fatores associados ao excesso de peso em universitários do município de Rio Branco, Acre - Brasil

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight among university students from the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 students (mean age: 24 years) from Rio Branco, Acre. Overweight was used as the dependent variable. The following independent variables were studied: socioeconomic variables (gender, age, teaching institution, period of study, marital status, income, household members, living with other people, parent's education level, and working or not); self-reported health and morbidity variables (health perception, hypertension, diabetes, and altered cholesterol); lifestyle variables (physical activity, watching television, computer use, smoking, and alcohol consumption). The nutritional status was classified based on body mass index. Univariate analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Variables with a p value < 20% on univariate analysis were included in the multiple Poisson regression model. The prevalence of overweight was 35.6%. In the multiple regression model for male students adjusted for age, overweight was associated with marital status, household income, hypertension, and watching television every day. In the model for female students, the variables that remained associated were self-perceived health status, hypertension, and alcohol consumption in the last month. Overweight is determined by a combination of different factors which differed in the present study between men and women.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a prevalência e fatores associados ao excesso de peso em Universitários do Município de Rio Branco, Acre. Estudo transversal, com 1104 universitários do município de Rio Branco - Acre, com média de idade de 24 anos. O estudo teve como variável dependente o excesso de peso. As variáveis independentes consideradas foram: socioeconômicas - sexo, idade, instituição de ensino, turno de estudo, estado civil, renda, moradores da casa, mora com, escolaridade dos pais, trabalha; Variáveis de Saúde e morbidade autorreferida - percepção de saúde, hipertensão, diabetes e colesterol; e variáveis de estilo de vida - atividade física, televisão, computador, tabagismo e álcool. O estado nutricional foi classificado pelo Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise univariada foi realizada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher. Valores de p< 20%, na análise univariada, foram incluídos no modelo múltiplo de regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,6%. No modelo múltiplo para o sexo masculino ajustado pela faixa etária, o excesso de peso esteve associado a estado civil, renda familiar, hipertensão arterial e televisão todos os dias. No modelo para o sexo feminino, as variáveis que permaneceram associadas foram: percepção de saúde autorreferida, hipertensão arterial e consumo de álcool no último mês. O excesso de peso é determinado pela associação de diferentes fatores que, no presente estudo, mostraram-se distintos para o sexo masculino e feminino.